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Norilsk    

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Norilsk (English) Норильск (Russian)
—  Inhabited locality  —
The "First House", the first house built in Norilsk, in 1921
Location of Norilsk on the map of Russia
Coordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E / 69.333; 88.217Coordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E / 69.333; 88.217
Coat of arms	Flag
Administrative status
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Krasnoyarsk Krai
In administrative jurisdiction of	Krasnoyarsk Krai[citation needed]
Statistics
Population (2002 Census)	134,000 inhabitants[1]
- Rank	122
Time zone	KRAT/KRAST (UTC+7/+8)
Founded	1935[citation needed]
Postal code(s)	663300-663341[citation needed]
Dialing code(s)	+7 3919[citation needed]

Norilsk (Russian: Нори́льск) is a major city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located between the Yenisey river and the Taymyr Peninsula. It was granted city status in 1953. It is the northernmost city in Siberia and the world's second largest city (after Murmansk) north of the Arctic Circle. Norilsk with Yakutsk and Vorkuta are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone. Norilsk is also the northernmost city on the planet with a population over 100,000. Population: 134,832 (2002 Census);^[2] 174,673 (1989 Census).^[3] MMC Norilsk Nickel, a mining company, is the principal employer in the Norilsk area. The city is served by Norilsk Alykel Airport and Norilsk Valek Airfield. Due to the intense mining, the city is one of the ten most polluted cities in the world.^[4]

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits 3 Environment 3.1 Climate 3.2 Pollution 4 People associated with Norilsk 5 Cultural references 6 References 7 External links

[edit] History

The settlement of Norilsk was founded by the end of the 1920s; however, the official date of founding is traditionally set to 1935, when Norilsk was expanded as a settlement for the Norilsk mining-metallurgic complex and became the center of the Norillag system of GULAG labor camps. It was granted the status of urban settlement in 1939.
Norilsk, located between the West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau at the foot of the 1,700-metre-high Putoran Mountains, is situated on some of the largest nickel deposits on Earth. Consequently, mining and smelting ore are the major industries. Norilsk is the center of a region where nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, palladium, and coal are mined. Mineral deposits in the Siberian Craton had been known for two centuries before Norilsk was founded, but mining began only in 1939, when the buried portions of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions were found beneath mountainous terrain.
Talnakh is the major mine/enrichment site now from where an enriched ore emulsion is pumped to Norilsk metallurgy plants.
To support the new city a railway to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River was established, first as a narrow-gauge line (winter 1935-36), later as Russian Standard gauge (1520 mm) line (in the early 1940s).^[5] From the port of Dudinka enriched nickel and copper are transported to Murmansk by sea then to the Monchegorsk enrichment and smelting plant on the Kola Peninsula, while more precious content goes up the river to Krasnoyarsk. This transportation only takes place during the summer:^{[citation needed]} Dudinka port is closed and dismantled during spring's ice barrier floods of up to 20 m in late May (a typical spring occurrence on all Siberian rivers).
In the early 1950s, another railway was under construction from the European coal city Vorkuta via the Salekhard/Ob River, and Norilsk even got a spacious passenger train station built in the expectation of direct train service to Moscow,^[5] but construction stopped there after Stalin died.
According to the archives of Norillag, 16,806 prisoners died in Norilsk under the conditions of forced labor, starvation, and intense cold throughout the existence of the camp (1935-1956) [1]. Fatalities were especially high during the war years of 1942-1944 when food supplies were particularly scarce. The prisoners organised a nonviolent revolt (Norilsk uprising) in 1953. Unknown but significant numbers of prisoners continued to serve and die in the mines until around 1979. Norilsk-Talknakh continues to be a dangerous mine to work in: According to the mining company, there were 2.4 accidents per thousand workers in 2005.
In 2001, Norilsk was decreed a closed city for foreigners (except citizens of Belarus). This is likely because of the sensitive nature of the nickel-platinum-palladium-copper mining^{[citation needed]}, and the ICBM missile silos nestled in the Putoran Mountains nearby^{[citation needed]}.
The city is also the nearest to the famous Popigai crater.
The mosque of Norilsk, belonging to the local Tatar community, is considered to be the northernmost Muslim prayer house in the world.

Demographic Evolution

1939	1959	1962	1967	1970	1973	1976
14 000	118 000	117 000	129 000	135 000	150 000	167 000
1979	1982	1989	1992	1998	2002	2005
180 400	183 000	174 673	165 400	151 200	134 832	131 900

[edit] Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits

False-color satellite image of Norilsk and the surrounding area (more information)

The nickel deposits of Norilsk-Talnakh are the largest nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world. The deposit was formed 250 million years ago during the eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province (STIP). The STIP erupted over one million cubic kilometres of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits lying below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains.
The ore was formed when the erupting magma became saturated in sulfur, forming globules of pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and other sulfides. These sulfides were then "washed" by the continuing torrent of erupting magma, and upgraded their tenor with nickel, copper, platinum, and palladium.^[6]
The current resource known for these mineralised intrusion exceeds 1.8 billion tons.^[7] MMC Norilsk Nickel, headquartered in Moscow, is the principal mining operator in Norilsk-Talnakh. The ore is mined underground via several shafts, and a decline. The ore deposits are currently being extracted at more than 1,200 m below ground. The ore deposits are drilled from the surface. Nickel production for 2008 amounted to 299.7 thousand metric tonnes. Copper production for 2008 amounted to 419 thousand metric tonnes.
The deposits are being explored by a Russian Government-controlled company. The company is known to be using electromagnetic field geophysics, with loops on surface which are over 1,000 m on a side. They are conclusively able to image the conductive nickel ore at depths in excess of 1,800 m.

[edit] Environment

Landscape near Norilsk

Much of the surrounding areas are treeless tundra.

[edit] Climate

Norilsk has an extremely harsh climate. Average temperature is approximately −10 degrees Celsius, and temperatures as low as −58 degrees have been recorded. The city is covered with snow for about 250-270 days a year, with snow storms for about 110-130 days. The polar night lasts from December through mid-January, so that Norilsk inhabitants do not see the sun at all for about six weeks.

[edit] Pollution

The nickel ore is smelted on site at Norilsk. The smelting is directly responsible for severe pollution, generally acid rain and smog. By some estimates, 1 percent of the entire global emissions of sulfur dioxide comes from this one city. Heavy metal pollution near Norilsk is so severe that it is now economically feasible to mine the soil, as a result of acquiring high concentrations of platinum and palladium through pollution.^[8]
The Blacksmith Institute^[4] included Norilsk in its 2007 list of the ten most polluted places on Earth. The list cites air pollution by particulates (including radioisotopes strontium-90, and caesium-137 and heavy metals nickel, copper, cobalt, lead and selenium) and by gases (such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, phenols and hydrogen sulfide). The Institute estimates 4 million tons of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, selenium and zinc are released into the air every year.
According to an April 2007 BBC News report,^[9] the company accepted responsibility for what had happened to the forests, but insisted they were taking action to cut the pollution. For the period up to 2015-2020 the company expects to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by approximately two-thirds, but admits it is hard to guarantee this pace of reduction because they are still developing the technology. According to CNN there is not a single living tree within 48 km of the nickel smelter Nadezhda ("The Hope").^[10]

[edit] People associated with Norilsk

• Artist Andrey Bartenev was born in Norilsk; many years ago his grandfather was sent to work in the nickel smelting plant.^[11]
• World All-Around Champion (1983) gymnast Natalia Yurchenko was born in Norilsk.
• The author of the memoir With God in Russia, Walter Ciszek, spent some time in Norilsk labor camps in 1950s and details the life there in his memoir.

[edit] Cultural references

Although not actually having been filmed in Norilsk, the city is depicted in the 1985 film White Nights, starring Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gregory Hines. During the opening moments of the film, Baryshnikov's character, a Soviet defector, is on a passenger plane that crash lands at "Norilsk Air Base."
Martin Amis' 2007 novel House of Meetings takes place in part at a Gulag labor camp based on Norilsk.
 

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